Virtual Planning, Rapid Prototyping & Bone Scaffold Design - 2750 Words

Virtual Planning, Rapid Prototyping and Bone Scaffold Design in Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery (Thesis Proposal Sample) Content: Running Head: Virtual Planning, Rapid Prototyping and Bone Scaffold Design in Cranio-Maxillofacial SurgeryVirtual Planning, Rapid Prototyping and Bone Scaffold Design in Cranio-Maxillofacial SurgeryAuthor NameAuthor AffiliationDate of submission Virtual Planning, Rapid Prototyping and Bone Scaffold Design in Cranio-Maxillofacial SurgerySummary and AimObjective Medical models are 3D representation of specific anatomical regions resulting from medical imaging. The first aim of this thesis is to develop aworkflow for the generation of scaffold that represents to boney defect derived from three dimensional medical imaging techniques such as MRI, CT scan, and Virtual Computer based Planning. Currently, there is technique available for comprehensive computer based planning and techniques of Rapid prototype printer, but there is not any available standard procedure to make 3D planning and to generate scaffold in Rapid prototype process. In this thesis, we will take availabl e planning and available 3D printer and apply for generation scaffold models. Survey will apply for different materials that are available and to investigate which of the materials are suitable for use with Rapid prototyping process. RP and CAD/CAM procedures permit the production of scaffolds for cell delivery that are custom-made to fit into specified bone defects. Craniomaxillofacial bone has a subtle 3D structure and is irregular in shape, and individualized renovate of bone defects is very significant. CAM, CAD, RP and laser scanning technologies have thus been used in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Whereas studies have explored the appropriateness of different materials in the construction of CAD/CAM scaffolds, histological studies concentrating on BMSC seeding in scaffolds have shown that PGA/PLA are among the best materials obtainable for the regeneration of new cartilage and bone. Nevertheless, external volume sculpting of the scaffold and creating approaches for its RP u sing PGA/PLA are major challenges. CAD/CAM has been used in reconstruction of the mandible. The final target of mandibular reconstruction is speech restoration, facial form, and masticatory function. Contemporary reconstruction techniques combine the use of micro vascular flaps and mandible reconstruction plate fixation. Scaffold will be constructed according to the basis of the anatomy. The second aim of this study will be to check interaction compatibility of these materials with human tissues. Optimized geometrical scaffold will do pre-clinic test in tissue culture to evaluate the interaction compatibility with human tissue, and to determine the use of accuracy of materials in clinical applications in future.In this PhD project we will develop and evaluate the workflow, taking example of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). The scaffolds used should fit into the anatomical defect and ought to have adequate mechanical integrity in addition to a controllable degradation rate. The s ynthetic biodegradable polymers poly (glycolic acid) (PGA), poly (lactic acid) (PLA), and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) have attracted a lot of attention in tissue engineering for the reasons that they have excellent biocompatibility, uniform quality, ease of fabrication into desired shapes, and controllable degradation timescales in comparison to natural macromolecules Bone tissue engineering cells must be accessible in huge amounts and must be able to express the bone and cartilage phenotypes. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into adipogenic, fibroblastic, and osteogenic cells. The technique for collecting these cells is well established, and BMSC lines can be willingly spread for extended periods with no loss of their potency. The inclusion criteria will comprise of biomechanics, forensic medicine, finite element analysis, general dentistry, tissue engineering, prosthodontics, animal studies, and virtual imaging. The inclusion criteria will consist of thre e dimensional models, stereo lithography, medical rapid prototyping, craniofacial, 3D printing, selective laser sintering, cranioplasty, polyjet, fused deposition modeling, 3D models based on implantology guides, and maxillofacial.Material and methods Computer tomography dataset of the mandible. The process usually called reverse engineering in the world of engineering will begin by obtaining computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging 2D image data as digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) filesThree to five Materials. Three to five different scaffold materials will be used for this study. The study consists of stages to get scaffold that will be tested and analyzed. One specimen of each defect mandibular condyle shall be used for the lab work and made for each defected sample, with RP; guided construction for the development of fitted bone replacement created using PGA/PLA.Computer based planning software will use Mimics biobuild. Processing of the DICOM da ta will be done using MIMICS, Biobuild, computer based planning software to generate a 3D model of the anatomy showing the defectRapid prototype printer (3D printer). The 3D model file will then be imported into CAD design software, to produce the design of the final implant. The implant will then be produced by the additive manufacturing process.These stages will require considerable understanding of 3D medical image processing, medical imaging, software creation, engineering procedures, and computer-assisted designs.One specimen dataset (computer tomography data) of the mandible.By Mimics software remove one side of TMJ to show as a defect. Mirror technique use to re-construction the defect and replace virtually in our computer planning software. With this dataset file (STL) install to the Rapid prototype machine to manufacture scaffold 3-5 models made by different materials (scaffold preparation).Compare manufactured accuracy for the five generated models and record (investigatio n of manufacturing accuracy 3D printing ). Exposed the materials to tissue culture cells to test how the materials interact with human tissue (Bone and scaffold relation).Very important note:Before the start of any of the experiments, it will be necessary for all the selected materials to be sterilized. This is to ensure that all the results of the experiment are accurate and free of any contamination. This factor will also be necessary for the determination of materials that will be used.Background The use of RP to generate models for medical use is a great and sensitive subject, with many wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ publicized examples. Possibly, the most wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ known examples are in cases of conjoined twins (Christensen, 2004). These are among the most complex and difficult surgical procedures that surgeons have ever had the guts to conduct. These procedures engage big teams of specialists who use models in plentiful stages of the preparation. In fact, it has been affirmed tha t many operations will not take place if it were not for the accessibility of the medical RP models. In the Cranio-Maxillofacial surgical profession, certain posttraumatic asymmetry, depressive deformities, and congenital defect have been found in the craniofacial skeleton. Individuals with any of these defects, the hypoplasty or injury zone, as well as the actual shape of the implant, which will replace the bone defect, must be identified prior to the operation (surgical intervention). Suitable approximation of the amount of bone that is necessary for the surgery must be determined before the implantation operation. An integration of both medical and digital technology, as well as tissue engineering, has indicated increased potential for providing solutions to these defects. RP and CAD/CAM methods facilitate the creation of cell delivery based on scaffolds, which are tailored to fit into particular bone defects (Klein Glatser, 2006). Cranio-maxillofacial bone is rough with a delicate 3D structure, making it necessary to ensure individual fixing of the defects characteristic to this bone (Menderes, Bayteken Topcu et al., 2004) CAM, CAD, and RP technologies along with laser scanning have initially been integrated for successful Cranio-Maxillofacial surgery, (Kau, CH, Richmond S, Zhurov AL, et al 2005; Dean, Min bond, 2003,). The utilized scaffolds must be appropriate for the physical tissue, and there must be sufficient mechanical veracity, and controllable rates of degradation (Hollister, 2006). It is important that the cells utilized for the bone tissue reconstruction are continually available, in large quantities, and expresses the bone phenotypes and cartilage. There are various Bone Marrow Stem cells; (BMSCs). These are Osteogenic, and Adipogenic cells (Peltola, Melchels, Grijpma DW, 2008). The technique utilized for harvesting these cells is well known, and the BMCS ranks may be readily increased for elongated time without the loss of potency (Du rham, McComb, Levy, 2003). Numerous BMSCs cannot be cultured, which increases the possibility of fabrication, as well as transplantable systems, which are comprised of necessary scaffolds, with flourishing BMSC in development (Hutmacher, Sittinger Risbud, 2004). Kakarala et al (2006) brings to light the use of stereo lithographic models in the evaluation of new surgical procedures. The authors explained that uneven properties and inadequate availability are pitfalls in using cadaveric bones for implant stability tests. Artificial bones avoid these, but tailoring them to explicit studies may be hard. Stereo lithography (SLA) procedures create tailor-made bones with pragmatic geometries, but their lower Young's modulus may have an effect on the outcomes. Ozan et al (2009) stated th...

The Importance of Evaluating How People Learn Essay

The world is constantly spinning. The environment is constantly changing and human beings are constantly evolving. These statements are what I consider to be facts. Why is it then that it is so difficult for our countrys education system to understand these facts and react accordingly? What I find to be interesting in my recent readings of Friere, Noddings and Chapter 6 of How People Learn is that the authors seem to be desperately trying to make the reader (or the world in general) aware that times are changing and that we must change with them. It is not enough to put state of the art computers in our classrooms and say that we are doing what we can to keep up with times. So much has happened in our world since the behavioral†¦show more content†¦Teachers were viewed as workers whose job was to carry out directives from their superiors--the efficiency experts of schooling (administrators and researchers). The emulation of factory efficiency fostered the development o f standardized tests for measurement of the product, of clerical work by teachers to keep records of costs and progress (often at the expense of teaching), and of management of teaching by central district authorities who had little knowledge of educational practice or philosophy (Callahan, 1962). In short, the factory model affected the design of curriculum, instruction, and assessment in schools. (1) Yes, it is extremely disturbing that the 20th century fostered such ideas. What is more disturbing is that those ideas are still prevalent in the minds of some administrators and educators alive and kicking in the 21st century. One can not deny this. Particularly because only a couple of hours ago I had a phone conversation with my 17-year-old sister, who is a senior in high school, in which she thanked God she was graduating this year. 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How Does The Implementation Of Graphic Organisers Impact...

Title Everyone loves a good story! : Using graphic organisers to scaffold a narrative. Abstract Research Question How does the implementation of graphic organisers impact student learning with regard to a text type in literacy? Rationale Literature Review Introduction Graphic organisers used in writing a narrative are a visual cue for ordering information. To full understand the purpose of graphic organisers in classrooms it is useful to break the term down and look at the defintions of both ‘graphic’ and ‘organiser’. The term graphic can be described as an adjective and means ‘clear’ (2014). While the term organiser can be defined as a person or a thing used for organising. (2014, Cambridge Dictionary Online) The text type of†¦show more content†¦Teaching Practices Educators use the term graphic organisers which refers to a range of devices such as concept maps, mind webs, semantic maps, knowledge maps and tables. (O Donnell, 2012, p. 335) Effective writing programs use both modelled, guided and independent teaching strategies to help students comprehend and become successful in their creative writing (NSW Department of Education and Training Curriculum Support Directorate). Graphic organisers can be implemented into this cycle which can be best described as ‘I do’, ‘We do’ and ‘You do’ (Christian, 2014). For the first stage of ‘I do’ a graphic organiser can be selected by the teacher and displayed to the class, modelling ways of note taking and using the sections of the organiser to list ideas for further development in the writing task. Modelled writing means both modelling to students how to write and selecting models such as a graphic organiser to demonstrate how writing works (NSW Department of Education and Training Curriculum Support Directorate). The teaching strategy of ‘we do’ would involve the class making decisions with the guidance of the teacher about what graphic organiser to use and what points they think should be included in the organiser before jointly constructing a narrative. Finally, students can independently select and complete their own individual graphic organisers , known as ‘I do’, before then going on to write their own stories. Students

Onychocryptosis Symptoms and Treatment Sample on Involuted Nails

Question: Discuss about the Onychocryptosis Symptoms and Treatment. Answer: Introduction: Onychocryptosis or ingrown nail is a medical condition characterized by the growth of the edges of toe nails occur into the skin causing severe pain and discomfort (Vanessa 2005). The most likely affected areas of this condition include the nail on both sides of toe and outer edge of big toe (Vanessa 2005). This condition is mainly caused due to the improper trimming of the nails (as the edge of nail can excavate the skin) and wearing shoes of improper fitting (due to compression of toes) (Health Spark n.d.). Other causes of onychocryptosis include injuries near the nail and fungal infections of nail (Health Spark n.d.). Onychocryptosis can be managed either by taking the conservative measures (in initial stages) or by surgical treatment (if the condition gets worse). The conservative methods include toe taping, nail splinting, split tape-strap method, nail wiring, dental floss, angle correction, using artificial acrylic nail and cotton wick insertion (Amira 2016). The surgical methods of this condition include total matrix excision, complete nail evulsion, Vandenbos technique, partial matrix excision and wedge matrix excision (Amira 2016). Subungual Heloma Durum Subungal heloma is a condition wherein there is development of corns under the nail plate; thereby, causing pain by detaching the nail plate (Senior Foot Care 2015). The developing corns are located in the grooves found at the sides of nail, particularly in the regions where the skin tissues interact with the nails with the movement of food (Senior Foot Care 2015). It is also usually caused as a result of the pressure that builds up when a person is wearing improper foot wears (Kiran 2014). The treatment of this condition is done by cutting back the nail in such a manner that the corn gets exposed or to completely remove the nail (Senior Foot Care 2015). The corn can then be removed from the grooves with the help of a scalpel. Another approach is to destroy the tissue of corns by using a caustic agent (silver nitrate) as this can help in preventing the cutting of nail in future (Senior Foot Care 2015). There might be a need of visiting the doctor after treatment to prevent the recurrence of the condition. Involution Involution is a nail condition in which the sides of the nail curl towards each other and can penetrate into the skin of the nail sides; thereby leading to a painful experience (The Foot Care Clinic 2014). This condition can eventually develop into the ingrown toe nails as the sides of nail penetrate the skin. It is also referred to as curved nails. The major causes of this condition include improper cutting of nails and improper fitting shoes (Podantics n.d.). To treat this condition, partial nail avulsion can be done wherein the sides of the nails are removed permanently in order to make the nail flatter. This helps in preventing the involution of the nail and its curving and also makes it easier to manage the nail (The Foot Care Clinic 2014). It is also recommended to wear proper foot wears so that there is no pressure on the nails. References: Ngan, V. (2005). Ingrown Toenails. [online] Available through: https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/ingrown-toenails/ [Accessed 25 Jan 2016]. Health Sparks. (n.d.). Onychocryptosis Symptoms and Treatment. [online] Available through: https://www.healthsparks.org/onychocryptosis-symptoms-and-treatment/ [Accessed 25 Jan 2016]. Elbendary, A. M. (2016). Ingrown Nail Treatment Management. [online] Available through: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909807-treatment [Accessed 25 Jan 2016]. Senior Foot Care. (2015). Subungual Corn (Heloma). [online] Available through: https://www.seniorfootcare.com.au/subungual-corn-heloma/ [Accessed 25 Jan 2016]. Panesar, K. (2014). Corns and Calluses: Overview of Common Keratotic Lesion. [online] Available through: https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/corns-and-calluses-overview-of-common-keratotic-lesions [Accessed 26 Jan 2016]. Podantics. com. (n.d.). Nail Problems of the Feet. [online] Available through: https://www.podantics.com.au/nail-problems.html [Accessed 26 Jan 2016]. The Foot Care Clinic. (2014). Involuted Nails. [online] Available through: https://thefootcareclinic.blogspot.in/2014/04/involuted-nails.html [Accessed 26 J